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Avian Metapneumovirus (aMPV)
Respiratory diseases are a constant challenge for poultry producers and veterinarians since they do not show pathognomic signs, making diagnosis more complex.
The Avian Metapneumovirus (aMPV) is an important pathogen in respiratory diseases but is frequently neglected.
It can affect the respiratory and reproductive systems, facilitating the development of other diseases like colibacillosis, which is the most common co-infection in broilers, while in turkeys, it is Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale.
Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection can prolong the viral replication, but as a secondary infection, aMPV can delay M. gallisepticum infection.
Distribution and epidemiology of aMPV
The aMPV affects turkeys and chickens and can also be found in guinea fowl, ducks, and pheasants.
It is an enveloped negative-sense RNA virus included in the genus Metapneumovirus of the Pneumoviridae family.
The global impact of aMPV is significant. Six viral subtypes of aMPV are recognized worldwide, each with its unique distribution.
Subtypes A and B are found in Europe, Brazil, and the African continent, while subtype C has been identified in the United States, Canada, China, , and South Korea.
The D subtype was only reported in , and the two new subtypes are found in the United States and Canada in wild birds (black back gull and Monk parakeet chicks).
The genetic differences among subtypes are based mainly on the glycoprotein (G) variability that also affects replication in the target cell and, consequently, the pathogenicity in the host.
Schematic figure representing aMPV: (G) Glycoprotein, (F) Fusion protein, (SH) Small hydrophobic protein and other structural proteins, (M) Matrix protein, (N) Nucleocapsid protein, (P) Phosphoprotein, (L) RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and RNA strand.
Currently, subtype B is the most prevalent worldwide. However, subtypes A and B are causing outbreaks in several states in the USA, following a prolonged period without aMPV detection.
The recent introduction of aMPV-A and -B into the US has coincided with the increased spread of H5N1 HPAI by migratory waterfowl.
Whether these two occurrences are causal relationships or random effects remains to be determined.
The shift in the predominance of aMPV subtypes from A to B and the increased detection of aMPV-A in North America in rec...
